James Augustus Black (1793 – April 3, 1848) was a U.S. Representative from South Carolina.
Born on his father's plantation in Ninety Six District, near Abbeville, South Carolina, Black attended the common schools on his father's plantation. During the War of 1812 was appointed a second lieutenant in the Eighth Infantry March 12, 1812. He was promoted to first lieutenant December 2, 1813, and was honorably discharged June 15, 1815. He engaged in the mining of iron ore on what is now the present site of Cherokee Falls, South Carolina. He moved to Georgia and settled in Savannah. He engaged in cotton dealing. He served as tax collector of Chatham County, Georgia. He returned to South Carolina and settled in Columbia. Cashier of the State (branch) bank. He served as member of South Carolina House of Representatives from 1826 to 1828 and 1832-1835.
Black was elected as a Democrat to the Twenty-eighth, Twenty-ninth, and Thirtieth Congresses and served from March 4, 1843, until his death in Washington, D.C., on April 3, 1848. He served as chairman of the Committee on the Militia (Twenty-ninth Congress). He was interred in the graveyard of the First Presbyterian Church, Columbia, South Carolina.